Valedictorian Speech free essay sample

Faculty members, teachers, family, friends and fellow graduates good morning, today is a day to be thankful and to be inspired. As I look around I see so many familiar faces and I would like to thank all of you for being here with us on this Joyous occasion. Standing here In front of all my classmates, the only thing I can see is the potential within each and every one of them. Some may become doctors, lawyers, teachers, and entrepreneurs.Just remember the long road e have traveled together to where we are today. Yes, It was long and I know sometimes we didnt think It was ever going to end. But It was an amazing Journey. Now this day we have been walling for Is finally here and our Journey together Is over. But there Is a new adventure Just around the corner. It will be hard at first but every one of us has the capability of making It In life. We will write a custom essay sample on Valedictorian Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On your new adventure, you do not have to be alone. Our family and friends will always be there for us just like they have always been. If it was not for some of the parents that are here today we most likely would not be here either. Being a parent is hard, now knowing when to let them go, letting us take responsibility. But I would like to thank all of you for being there to help us succeed and never letting us give up on ourselves. You guys were there to see us through everything even if we werent your children. I appreciate that. Hopefully, we can fulfill all the dreams that you have for us. We will still need your support in achieving our dreams. Our class has a lot of potential, you can ask anyone and they will tell you that. I would also like to recognize our teachers at placer national high school. Because without the enthusiasm that they have I dont believe that I could have made it this far. The teachers at this school make you believe that you are someone and that anything is possible. It is not only the teachers, but the staff and student body make you feel like youre at home and you can trust all of them. I love this school with all my heart and soul and everything it stands for.If I had dodo it all over again, I would In a heartbeat. Our years at placer national high school have been filled with great memories and life changing events. As we go out to start our new adventures, I hope that even though we will make new memories that we will never forget the memories that we made together at placer national high school. L hope that whatever path you take may be bright and filled with love and adventure. I also hope you all the best In life and I love you all. Can you believe It guys, WE DID IT!!Thanks again to everyone for being here to share this Joyous occasion with us. Valedictorian Speech By reentry with us on this Joyous occasion. Standing here in front of all my classmates, the only we have traveled together to where we are today. Yes, it was long and I know sometimes we didnt think it was ever going to end. But it was an amazing Journey. Now this day we have been waiting for is finally here and our Journey together is over. But there is a new adventure Just around the corner. It will be hard at first but every one of us has the capability of making it in life.On your new adventure, you do Our family and friends will always be there for us Just like they have always been. If it my heart and soul and everything it stands for. If I had to do it all over again, I would in a heartbeat. Our years at placer national high school have been filled with great that we made together at placer national high school. hope that whatever path you take may be bright and filled with love and adventure. I also hope you all the best in life and I love you all. Can you believe it guys,

The eNotes Blog Scholarship Spotlight September2016

Scholarship Spotlight September2016 Every month, we select some of the best scholarships around and post them here on our blog. When you are ready to apply, check out our tips on  how to write a scholarship essay. Visit   Essay Lab  if you’re looking for a writing expert  to review and provide feedback on your scholarship or college application essays! National Security Agency Mathematics and Computer Science Student Scholarship Amount:  $500 Eligibility:  Students currently enrolled and working toward a degree in computer science, computer engineering, or mathematics Requirements:  Complete application with Personal Details, Education, Work Experience, Honors/Awards/Scholarships, Skills and Languages Due Date:  September 30, 2016 Learn more and apply Odenza Marketing Group Scholarship Amount: $500 Eligibility:  Age 16-25, GPA of 2.5 or higher Requirements:  Submit answers to the selected essay questions available in the application Due Date:  September 30, 2016 Learn more and apply Paymaster Scholarship Amount:  $2,500 Eligibility:  18 or over, enrolled in college, business major or minor Requirements:  Submit a 650-800 word response that describes four steps people can follow to earn more with the shared economy. Due Date: September 30, 2016 Learn more and apply Review It Scholarship Amount: $1,000 Eligibility:  Be attending college or university no later than September 2017, have a 2.5 GPA or higher in your last academic year, attend a school in the US Requirements:  Submit a review of your favorite movie in less than 1000 words. Due Date:  September 30, 2016 Learn more and apply Digital Responsibility Dont Text and Drive Scholarship Amount:  $1,000 Eligibility:  High school, college, or graduate school student. Must be US citizen or legal resident. Requirements:  Complete application including a 140-character message about texting while driving. Due Date:  September 30, 2016 Learn more and apply

Transport Demand Management in National Parks Dissertation

Transport Demand Management in National Parks - Dissertation Example Lyndhurst is a civil parish and village located at England’s new Forest in Hampshire. The village forms the administrative center of the New Forest, which bears the district council. It is a popular tourist attraction center and has numerous independent shops, cafes, hotels, restaurants, pubs, art galleries and an 18-hole golf course. These facilities cater for the demands of local population and the tourists. According to the Census data of 2001, Lyndhurst had a population of 2,973 of which, 37% were economically active, 20% are the retired and only 2% are not employed. The average age is 47 years. 77% of the property is owner occupied while 23% is rented (COUNCIL FOR THE PROTECTION OF RURAL ENGLAND, 1988). Lyndhurst is 14 kilometers away from Southampton city to the North-east. Geographically, Lyndhurst village forms the meeting point on the route A35 which runs from the Southampton City to the northeast to Lymington town, situated on the south coast. This link creates a very large volume of traffic, which prompts the usage of one way. Most of the motorists miss parking spaces while seeking for refreshments, meals or even when making stopovers. During season of summer, the traffic swells because of the tourist inflow in to the region. As a result, there is limited space for parking. Transport Demand Management is a strategy that applies programs, policies, products and services to trim down the travel order especially among the private vehicle users or restructure the travel demand in to time and space. Actually, the Transport Demand management deals with Transit improvements, Transit incentives, Pay-as-drive insurance, Parking management/pricing and Road pricing. Several studies points out to the growth of economy as the primary reason behind establishing a good parking management, organization, supervision and parking pricing without incorporating other factors like the repercussions on health, time spending and emotional frustrations that come up with limited parking space. According to Fischer (2009),  the Transport Demand Management strategy controls the parking prices and the amount of parking available in all the public places across the UK. Transport Demand Management benefits the local communities by lowering their healthcare costs, reducing traffic congestion, increasing their return from investments on transit, carpooling, cycling and public transport systems (Black & Schreffler, 2010). The employers may get low parking rates and better employee retention where as the individuals gain by saving time and costs of delay, convenience and good health (Black, 1997). This collateral research paper explores the proposition of Transport Demand Management is to push for best option available towards solving problems related to the limited parking space in Lyndhurst. Policies on Parking Management The developers should provide the localities with the minimum space for every type of development depending on the magnitude of the development. The costs of developments determines the pricing for parking spaces, as such, parking seem to be offered

Economics for transport managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Economics for transport managers - Essay Example 637.25 Therefore, change in Real GDP between 2003-04 and 2004-05 will be given by; Change = 637.25 – 621.052 = 16.198 % change = (16.198/621.052)*100 = 2.6% (virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us, 2011). Question 2 Consumer Price Index is largely used as a cost of living index, but in technical terms it is not. CPI measures average change over time in prices paid by consumers for a fixed basket of goods and/or services. Cost of living index would however measure all changes over time in the amount consumers need to spend to reach a certain level of utility or standard of living. CPI ignores vital changes in taxes, water and air quality, crime levels, consumer safety, and quality of education. Additionally, personal experiences may vary from what is indicated by the CPI, this is because an individual's purchasing pattern may differ from the standard market basket. Families which have children have different buying patterns than households of the elderly. The CPI also does not represent the experiences of rural dwellers. CPI measurement limitations fall into two broad categories. Sampling errors CPI only measures the prices of just a sample of items from a sample of shops in a sample of localities. Those items are chosen randomly by the using of Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES). Non-sampling errors These are usually more significant than sampling errors. They bias the CPI upwards or downwards, so the CPI would normally tend to report higher inflation than what consumers are actually experiencing. a) Invention of LCD TVs will lead to lower level Substitution bias Consumers usually tend to respond to changes in price by substituting relatively cheaper goods for goods which have become more expensive. This is referred to as substitution bias. Substitution bias can either occur within item categories (lower level bias) or across item categories (higher level bias). b) Introduction of GPS units in cars will lead to Quality Change Bias If a product is 5% better than its pr edecessor, and its price rises by 10%, then the Bureau of Labor Statistics will record a price increase of only 5%.This reflects what is known as Quality Change Bias. c) Increased personal computer purchase in response to decline in their price will lead to New Outlet/Discount Bias. A discount outlet or price fall gives consumers the opportunity to purchase the same goods at a lower price. The current CPI ignores these price changes. Totally taking the price changes into account usually biases the CPI downwards. d) Greater use of bicycles after price levels increase will lead to high level substitution bias. Since consumers are switching from using cars to using bicycles, this is referred to as higher level substitution bias. e) Higher fuel taxes will lead to high level substitution bias. Since consumers will switch from fuel to using other energy sources, this will be a case of higher level substitution bias. Question 3 Factors that affect the rate of savings in an economy: A case study of Bangladesh Saving is defined as the process of setting aside a certain amount of current income for use in the future, or any resources that may be accumulated in this way over a certain period of time. How much individuals in an economy save is affected by their personal preferences for future over their present consumption and also their expectations of their future income. If people

Foreign investment law and international trade law Coursework

Foreign investment law and international trade law - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that study of Foreign Investment and International Trade Laws requires a thorough analysis of the global trade scenario that involves cross-border trades in goods and services, capital mobility, expropriation of property rights in host countries, labor standards and mobility, International monetary stability, and economic development. The positive effects of International Trade and foreign investment on economic growth as first pointed out by Smith are becoming more delicate due to lack of or inefficient conflict resolution mechanism at International forum and poor adaptability and assimilation of International legal principles in legal frameworks of host countries. Today, with the increasing globalization of world economy, International trade and foreign direct investment have grown dramatically. This has made Foreign investment law and International trade law more important as the subject of study and as a viable solution to counter the n egative impacts of free trade regime. A successful implementation of International trade laws generally depends upon the Foreign Investment Laws of different countries, as in some instances different countries frame their foreign investment laws in such a way that is against the principle of International Trade Laws. Though the purpose of such protectionist foreign investment laws is often to protect local trade, it results in a closed economy and deprives countries of opportunities of better growth prospects.... Until very recently, most scholars have opined that FDI is likely to be directed to sectors characterized by one or more of three features: (i) capital and/or knowledge intensity, (ii) product differentiation and (iii) th provision of services which are supportive of othr kinds of FDI, are information intensive, or are "branded" in some way or anothr. For much of th post-war period, th growth of FDI has been concentrated in thse sectors - notably oil, autos, electronics nd electrical equipment, office machinery, pharmaceuticals, packaged foods, banking nd finance, business consultancies nd trade-related services; nd, indeed, until th late 1999s, th share of th global sales of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in thse sectors accounted for by thir foreign affiliates continued to rise. It is, thus, understandable that countries which display dynamic comparative advantage in those activities are those which have recorded th largest rise in their inbound FDI (Kuemmerle, 2006). 2.2 Significance of trade nd investment to world economic growth Over the past 5 years, there have been several significant changes in th geographical distribution of FDI, both within developed nd developing countries, nd between them. It is worth noting that there are some leading developed nd developing economies which did not receive as much FDI as one might have expected. Japan is the most obvious example; as Porter (2000), it accounted for only 0.6% inflows into th developed countries in 1975-80 and 1.0% in 2000-2004. Of th larger European countries, Italy received only one-quarter th share of France in both periods, while some of th more populated newly industrial countries of Asia like Korea, Taiwan nd th Philippines, attracted only modest (though increasing) amounts of new

Butterflies, by Ian McEwan

Butterflies, by Ian McEwan In their short stories Butterflies, Lamb to the slaughter, The Whole Towns Sleeping and The Pedestrian, Ian McEwan, Roald Dahl and Ray Bradbury create strong feelings of fear and suspense which ultimately lead to death in each story. Discuss these featured in the short stories we have studied. The story Butterflies by Ian McEwan is about an individual is devoid of all emotion, who is also isolated person (maybe because of his look: his chin and his neck are the same thing and he himself thinks he looks grotesque) he takes a walk. A little girl follows him. It was for him a strange thing because he did not have any friends to talk to. He desperately needed affection and in order to keep her close he buys her a doll and ice cream. He lies her saying that at the canal there are boats and butterflies. So the title butterflies is the lure used to take the little girl at the canal. There he abuses her and then he drowns her. I was particularly attracted to this story because of the unusual yet quite sinister way suspense is built up throughout the text. McEwan achieves this by the use of short descriptive sentences; these slow us down and make us feel as if we are an omnipresent being viewing the story as it unfolds. The action takes place in England on Thursday and Sunday. The next text Lamb To The Slaughter utilises descriptive writing right from the opening to massage our senses to the extent we feel we are woven into the story, our minds eye sees everything that needs to be seen, this helps to clearly portray the obvious use of black humour the image of a merry house wife suddenly smashing a frozen leg of lamb meant for dinner over her husbands head is comical in a sinister way. While in Butterflies the opposite is true. The name of the text, suggests something to do with a lamb being slaughtered with is common practice in farms however the phrase can also mean, unaware of any impending catastrophe which when we read on we find out Mr Maloney wasnt aware of himself being in harms way the same is also true for Miss Maloney wasnt aware she would be committing murder she was said to be in shock, Helped bring her out of shock (141). Roald Dahl almost rewards the reader half way through the story with the meaning of the title which we find out is befitti ng after all. The whole towns sleeping employs the use of subtle irony right from the start the title suggests to us that the town is sleeping which they are, its night time but the lonely one is out and the town is oblivious to this fact, Situational irony is also used the reader would become lead to believe that she might come to harm in the woods and when she gets home she will be safe however this is not the case The final text The Pedestrian, the title isnt very exciting it sounds run of the mill, doing this lures us into a false sense of security we dont expect much however out breath is taken by the beautiful way Ray Bradbury starts the piece and our attention is captured. Like Butterflies the writer wants us to savour each sentence and hang of every word so they slow us down therefore building suspense in The Pedestrian this is done with the use of commas. In all of these stories someone is in danger and in two of the stories someone is killed, the stories have a similar of building tempo and setting the pace, also all stories play to our primal emotions weather its humour in lamb to the slaughter or sadness and confusion in butterflies or fear in the whole towns sleeping. Suspense is something that is built up in all stories, in Lamb to the slaughter suspense is built up in an unusual way first the title invites questions such as, who is being killed and is the story based on a farm doing this feeds out curiosity which in itself starts to build suspense and tension. The text starts off quite unusual fashion for a story of this genre, we would expect a dark, dingy and quite frightening place for a murder to take place in this story quite the opposite is true. The opening paragraph starts of quite poetic, The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight. Dahl also uses descriptive writing to give us vivid picture of a warm homely setting The room was warm and clean. (137) Everything seems above board until we get to the third sentence, the empty chair (137) the use of the word empty suggests that something is missing and in turn that begs the question why is it empty, The Pedestrian uses this also along with the metaphor empty riverbed, The car moved down the empty riverbed streets and off away, leaving the empty streets with the empty sidewalks, and no sound and no motion all the rest of the chill November night. This feeds out curiosity and adds to the suspense. The metaphor helps put across how bare the riverbed was so we have a clear image in our minds. The unusual thing about Lamb to the Slaughter is that the murder happens at the middle there is no time to wonder how the murder will be committed since we dont suspect anything. The reader is taken by surprise much as Patrick and Mary Maloney. The small table over turning helped bring her out of the shock. (141) Mary Maloney and the reader are in shock until we find out she killed him, she didnt mean to kill him it was done out of rage therefore she says So Ive killed him. (141) After the murder scene the reader follows Mrs Maloney around in her meticulous steps to cover her crime. One can wonder how such a sentimental and docile woman can turn out to be so calculating and cool-headed. When the police arrive, we wait for the moment Mrs Maloney gets caught this time never arrives There is an unfulfilled expectation. Butterflies short, snappy sentences to set the tempo which enables the reader to race ahead so we feel their heart is beating in time with the action, Towards midday I decided on a walk. I stood outside the house, hesitating (61). This is in direct contrast with The Pedestrian which opens with a long sentence which slows things down. To enter out into that silence that was the city at eight oclock of a misty evening in November, to put your feet upon that buckling concrete walk, to step over grassy seams and make your way, hands in pockets, through the silences, that was what Mr Leonard Mead most dearly loved to do. This sets a slow tempo so we can really absorb what we are being told and actually feel we are with Mr Mead. Do The whole towns sleeping utilizes the use of conversation to move the story along as well as short and long sentences to set the tempo and pace, we are drawn to the story because of the simple conversations we can empathize with. The theme of fear is something that is rampant in most of the stories, butterflies starts of quite disturbingly, I saw my first corpse on Thursday. This doesnt seem to frighten or upset the boy; he seems to be detached from his emotions unlike Lavinia Nebbs who is so overwhelmed with fear of the unknown she doesnt have the will power to turn round. Dont turn, dont look if you see him, youll not be able to move! Youll be frightened, youll freeze! Just run, run,run! In Lamb to the slaughter instead of being fearful Mary seems to be relishing the moment, she it literally getting away with murder, Mary Maloney began to giggle. While in The Pedestrian and the whole towns sleeping, everyone is fearful in the towns expect the people in actual danger. The way relationships are portrayed differs from story to story Mary Maloney was in what she thought was a loving relationship she loved her husband dearly, Now and again she would glance up at the clock, but without anxiety, merely to please herself with the thought that each minute gone by made it nearer the time when he would come. (137) Mary and her husband had what seemed to be the perfect relationship everything seemed above board, however when she got the news she lost her rationally this could be due to the fact she was pregnant and hormonal for this was her sixth month with child. (137) the strange thing considering it seemed to be done in rage she didnt show any remorse or sorrow, All right, she told herself. So Ive killed him. (141) that could possibly beg the question did she know beforehand did she contemplate the killing before hand, was she acting, does she have split personalities, we know she is calculated and calm under pressure and good at acting when talking to th e shopkeeper after killing her husband she states Patricks decided hes tired and doesnt want to eat out, you know, and now hes caught me without vegetables in the house. When she already knows hes dead and she is the murderer. However know the main character in Butterflies we know is a recluse, who found his mother grotesque he also believes because his chin and neck are close together people see him as untrustworthy he doesnt seem to trust anyone. My chin and me neck are the same thing and it breeds distrust My mother was like that too, only after I had left home did I find her grotesque. She died last year. His mother was also seen as a recluse, he says, Each year she went to Littlehampton and sat on a deckchair by herself, facing out to sea. We get the feeling he wasnt brought up in a loving household and that he didnt have much of a relationship with his mother, which could have lead him to become unsociable and lonely. Although we know he yearns to have some companions when walking in the street a football kicked by a group of boys came his way he stopped the ball with his foot and kicked it back, such a simple gesture caused him to because overwhelmed and giddy I could feel the thumping of my pulse in my temples. Such opportunities are rare for me. I do not meet many people.Also at the start of the text when a simple conversation arose with him and Charlie he fumbled this furthermore stresses the point he was not used to talking to people. When he and Jane converse he immediately realizes he wants her as a friend as she shows genuine interest and curiosity in him, I felt pleased that she was genuinely curious about me, and I was attracted to her. I wanted her to be my friend. The reader isnt alarmed by this as we think he is being friendly but little do we know the wheels have been set in motion for what happens next. After deceiving the girl under the false pretence of seeing butterflies, the disturbed individual wets his finger and wipes the ice cream off from around her mouth and puts the finger back into his mouth and tastes it. While doing this we find out, he has never touched another persons lips and he is excited and seems to be in orgasmic state, I had never touched another persons lips before nor had I experienced this kind of pleasure. It rose painfully from my groin to my chest.'(70) While doing this I believe he was engulfed with pleasure and didnt realize he was pressing so hard on Janes face she tells hi m, You pressed to hard. (70). All throughout the text I is used allot this suggests loneliness. Lavina Nebbs is seen as a father figure she is confident on the surface when around friends they look up to her she doesnt want to show weakness she has a strong relationship with her friends however when alone and going through the ravine she turns into a nervous shell of her former self, Oh god! God, please, please let me get up the hill! (55) Where as Mr Mead from The Pedestrian is calm when he is confronted and even protests his arrest. The whole towns sleeping starts off with the use of descriptive writing to set the scene, It was a warm summers night in the middle of Illinois (37) this gives us an image of brightness cosiness even. Which is the same way Roald Dahl starts Lamb to the slaughter, The room was warm and clean. (137) both authors use this to good effect so the reader is the ability to more clearly visualize what is being described. This subtle use of this type of writing shows itself again throughout The whole towns sleeping in the form of metaphors, Lavina felt the warm breath of the summer night shimmering off the oven-baked sidewalk. We really get a sense that it was a hot day this plays with our senses in the same way in The Pedestrian plays with our sense of smell It smelled of riveted steel (2) and in butterflies a simile is used to the same effect. Like a whippet. (63) The Whole Towns Sleeping. Ray Bradbury uses recreation to create interest to the story In the downtown drugstore, fans whispered in the high ceiling air He also uses metaphors and similes such as There were two moons: a clock moon with four faces The main character in Butterflies isnt really creative we only get one reference to some sort of inner life. Where he makes reference to an artist prominent in the 1920s, she was beautiful in a strange almost sinister way, like a girl in a Modigliani painting. (65) His flat narrative description exactly matches the flatness of his personality, I crossed over and looked at the cars engine, although it meant nothing to me. Another interesting thing about this character is that he never dwells on the fact of death he bounces between subjects. I believe his life experience had an impact on the development of his personality. Like Me Mead in The Pedestrian he is a loner and they both go on walks also the main character in Butterflies has a skewed view on the world whereas in the pedestrian the world is distorted it isnt just in Mr Meads imagination. In all stories there is only really one main character. Mary Maloney is a happy, contented woman who feels secure confident and fulfilled with her life. Roald Dahl describes, There was a slow smiling air about her, and about everything she did. (137) she is loving and the perfect house something that was normal in the time short story was written in 1953. She is a very organised individual she has a routine she does daily, she takes solace in it she believes that if that routine exists, all must be well. She also is calm, collected and rational she methodically gets rid of the evidence, Mary ultimately uses the same means of control over the investigating officers that she had used with Patrick: food, drink, and the illusion of uncomprehending innocence. That being said after all she didnt mean to kill her husband when she realizes what she has done, Mary is willing to accept the consequences, but, she worries about the child: As the wife of a detective, she knew quite well what the penalty would be. That was fine. It made no difference to her. In fact, it would be a relief. On the other hand, what about the child? At the start of the whole towns sleeping Lavina Nebbs is much like Mary Maloney secure and confident she is adamant that fear will not dictate her life, she starts the evening rational and fearless but is reduced to panic on the walk home when she admits her fear. Much like Jane from butterflies she is fearless and outgoing until confronted with fear. Jane who is the girl that was killed in lamb to the slaughter, is a friendly trusting child her parents might have been carefree and unaware that such crimes get committed, most children of that era were told dont talk to strangers or dont walk with strangers however Jane is fearless she is innocent. Jane could be seen as the butterfly a small delicate creature that is gently pushed down the river in the same way a butterfly would fly off into the distance, the word butterflies for a title is very befitting. Lamb to the slaughter is written in the third person in the same way as the whole towns sleeping, the tone of Lamb to the slaughter seems pretty calm it starts of quote poetic each line leading on seamlessly to the next then the tone changes the reader is sped up as Mary Malone executes her plan to get rid of the evidence. The text butterflies is written in the first person the main character is the narrator throughout the story there is a dense and atmospheric tone. Its often left to the reader to give moral significance to events that occur what I found interesting that the story was organized through flashback and the story isnt in chorological order, the story starts of, I saw my first corpse on Thursday (1) when that was the last thing that happened yet mentioned at the start. The narrator also switches from present to past tense. The strength in Butterflies is the writers versatility to be able to move through past and presence tense and to be able to move through different times during the day and to move from subject to subject. However by the end I get a sinking feeling in the pit of my stomach a horrendous crime has been committed and it seems as if the killer will get away, this leaves us wanting and yearning for justice and because unlike Lamb to the slaughter it was a little girl that was abused and killed we feel more hate towards the young man. Lamb to the slaughter the readers get a tale so grotesque, so darkly comic, and so hilarious in some of its incidental details that seem to be something out of a Benny hill show. We feel sympathy towards Mary because her husband broke their wedding vows her act of murder was callus yet unintentional, so we dont yearn for justice although I know a crime has been committed I feel happy to sit back and watch Mary hatch this farfetched comical plan. There could ha ve been emphasis on causing more suspense the detectives could have been more suspicious, however it is a well laid out and quite humorous story and begs the question did the detectives suspect anything after the incident it leaves us with unanswered questions. Roald is also effective at using dialogue to move the story along. Lamb to the slaughter is good at building the tension throughout the story then while Nebbs is in the ravine the excitement builds, when she reaches her house the tempo slows and almost grinds to a halt until she finds out someone is in her house we are left in awe. Ray Bradbury is good at controlling the tempo however at the end of the story I am left feeling unfulfilled I want to know the ending however this may just bring excitement for the sequel and play right into Bradburys hands. In this essay I have discussed the theme of fear and suspense and now different writers portray this and stylistic features used I found the similarity between stories interesting considering there from different authors my favorite story is butterflies I love the simple complexity of it the way the narrator moves from time and place seamlessly. And how all of the stories title have significance to the story and almost give us hints to the plot.

Essay --

In my group, I was assigned the task to include all other relevant issues so I considered other intermediaries to help with the payment and goods transaction as well as security for the e-Business. Intermediaries to use to support your ebusiness As our business is a virtual organization (pure-play), we would require intermediaries to perform the payment and goods transaction as we are not interacting physically with our customers. Payment system Paypal Under Paypal, payments are made using a user’s existing account or with a credit card anytime, anywhere. Besides that, money can be sent directly to an email address of another PayPal user. Cost Open an Account Free Send money Free Withdraw Funds Free for $200.00 SGD or more, $1.00 SGD if up to $199.99 SGD to bank accounts in Singapore Add funds Free Receive Funds 2.9% + $0.50 SGD to 3.9% + $0.50 SGD Multiple currency transactions Exchange rate includes a 2.5% fee** Reasons for using Paypal for payment It allows faster transaction for sending and receiving payments. Electronic Catalogue WIX and social medias As we would not have staff in a physical shop to entertain customer’s enquiries, we would be making use of sites such WIX and social medias such as Facebook and Twitter to help provide customers with information about the business as well as the product. Reasons for using WIX and social medias The websites are free of charge. Shopping cart software In order to help customers keep track of their items, shopping cart software is also included in the WIX website. Reasons for using WIX shopping cart This eliminates the need to purchase an external shopping cart software. Delivery of purchase Our e-Business would require an intermediary to deliver the items purchased by custo... ...uyer claims that they did not receive their goods, Paypal would cover for the full amount as long as business follow the postage requirement and show evidence that the item was sent to the buyer’s address. Reasons for choosing the security methods In terms of protecting the e-Business database, firewall is an easy and less complex method as compared to other security methods such as VPN and KPI which requires key encryption. It is also easier to obtain simply through purchase and customize through filters unlike VPN which has complicated set ups and KPI which requires a KPI security service to implement the structure. As for protection against fraud, Paypal’s security system would be suitable as we are using Paypal for handling payment transaction. Hence, it would be easier to claim from Paypal should there be any fraud as they would have records of our transaction.

International Political Economy

Part Perspectives on International Political Economy The first chapter of the text deals with the fundamental nature of International political economy (PIP) and some analytical Issues related to Its multidimensional character. Chapters 2 through 4 are the core chapters of the text that explore the history and policies associated with the three dominant PIP perspectives, namely economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism. These theoretical tools are useful In understanding many political, economic, and social Issues In the global economy of the past as well as the present.Chapter 5 develops two alternative PIP respective?constructivism and feminism?that derive, In part, from the three mall outlooks under study. Chapter What Is International Political Economy? We Are the 99%: A Haitian hillside. Georgian Allen When a philosopher has once laid hold of a favorite principle, which perhaps accounts for many natural effects, he extends the same principle over the whole creation, a nd reduces to it every phenomenon, though by the most violent and absurd reasoning. Our own mind being narrow and contracted, we cannot extend our conception to the variety and extent of nature †¦David Hump, â€Å"The Septic† 2 The Darkness on the Edge of Town he Darkness on the edge of town What are the chances you will find a good paying Job?or any Job for that matter? when you graduate from college In the next few years? Have your parent's or people you know lost their Jobs, the family home, or a big chunk of their retirement savings? How are you adjusting to the financial crisis? Maybe things haven't been that bad for you, yet! Reading the headlines of any major newspaper, you might sometimes worry that the world is on the brink of a global economic catastrophe, if not a second Great Depression.The effects of the global economic crisis have made many people feel ensue, tearful, and depressed. The collapse to the US housing market in 2 morphed into a credit crisis tha t threatened some of the biggest banks and financial institutions in the United States and Europe. Government leaders responded with a variety of bank rescue measures and so-called stimulus packages to restart their economies. These interventions angered many ordinary folks who felt that the bailouts rewarded bankers and Coos who had caused the crisis in the first place.Meanwhile, many people around the world were forced out of their homes and became unemployed. They suffered cuts in social services, health care benefits, and education spending when governments were forced to trim budgets. As we write in late 2012, the hoped-for recovery has proved elusive. Unemployment in the United States is stuck at 7. 9 percent; in the European Union (ELI), it has risen to 1 1. 6 percent (23. 4 percent for young people). Home foreclosures and stagnant incomes continue to place enormous strain on many families' finances.The EX. has fallen into another recession, with countries like Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal so deep in debt that they might slide into national bankruptcy, causing the Else's monetary system to collapse. People seem to have lost confidence in national and international political institutions that underpin capitalism and democracy. Is this what the Great Transformation from industrial to post-industrial society was supposed to look like? Are globalization and the so-called â€Å"creative destruction† of new technologies shrinking the middle classes in Western countries and permanently shifting economic dynamism to Asia and Latin America?Adding to the sense of gloom are events around the world in the last few years. High oil prices have benefited giant oil companies while hurting consumers. The giant British Petroleum (BP) oil spill reciprocated an environmental catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico. Japan's Fuchsia earthquake and tsunami damaged several nuclear power plants, causing release of dangerous radioactive material across a large swath of te rritory. High agriculture commodity prices have raised the cost of food and increased levels of world hunger.Because there has been little progress in reducing reliance on fossil fuels, capping carbon emissions, or investing in alternative energy resources, the threat of catastrophic climate change looms larger. And wars in Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, and the Congo are destroying the livelihoods of millions of people. Hope on the Horizon? Is there only gloom and doom around the globe? Surely, no! As we discuss in Chapter 13, emerging powers such as China, India, Brazil, and Russia have dramatically reduced poverty in the last fifteen years and made it possible for hundreds 4 Chapter 1 of millions of people to Join the middle class.Fortunately, they continued to grow at a fairly robust pace after 2007; more Jobs, investment, and consumption in these countries helped keep the rest to the world trot tailing into a deeper recession. Of most of the last decade, sub-Sahara Africa has als o grown surprisingly fast, thanks n part to high prices for oil and commodities exports. And the European Union won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize, a reminder that?despite its serious economic and social problems today?the community has advanced the causes of â€Å"peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights† for more than sixty years.Along with these rays of hope are three interrelated global developments that merit discussion at the beginning of this textbook because they are profoundly shaping the international political economy: the Arab Spring, the European sovereign debt crisis, and the Occupy Wall Street (SOWS) movement. Taking place on three different continents since 2011, they have shaken political institutions and spurred waves of political protests in response to a variety of social and economic ills. None of us knows how these momentous developments will play out, but we can be sure that they will affect our daily lives and pocketbooks for many years.Each i s a double- edged sword: a potential harbinger of positive change and a potential foreshadowing of worse yet to come. In other words, each development can either help lead to a more stable, prosperous world in which human security is better guaranteed or ender divisions within and between societies wider than before so that cooperative relations and a fairer distribution of resources remain ever more elusive goals. The Arab Spring took the world by surprise?a reminder that social scientists still do not have good tools to predict when and why large-scale changes will occur in complex socio-political systems.On December 17, 2010, a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouzouki set himself on fire in reaction to harassment by police officers. His death sparked street demonstrations that brought down the Tunisian government one month later. Protests spread like wildfires to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa. After eighteen days of mass demonstrations, Egypt authoritar ian president Hosting Embark resigned on February 11, 2011, replaced by a military council. On February 15, residents of Bengali, Libya, rose up against the regime of Miramar Qaeda.Following months of NATO bombing and rebel fighting, Qaeda was killed on October 20, 2011, and a National Transitional Council took power. The dramatic political protests?which captivated television viewers and Twitter-feed followers around the world?created an opportunity for a number of Arab countries o Join the community of democratic nations. Yet the crackdown in Syria showed the world how determined some authoritarian leaders in the Middle East are to remain in power?even at the expense of killing tens of thousands of their own citizens.With the genie of Arab political opposition out of the bottle, countries in the Middle East and North Africa are rapidly changing. Fortunately, high oil prices and a return to relative stability in many places could improve conditions in 2013. Along with the Arab Spri ng came President Barack Beam's withdrawal of all U. S. Troops from Iraq at the end of 2011. An ignominious end to an imperial endeavor, the withdrawal seemed to signal that the U. S. Public was no longer willing to pay for wars that drain the public treasury.President Obama refocused U. S. Policy on fighting against the Taliban in Afghanistan and ratcheting up pressure on Iran to abandon its effort to develop nuclear weapons. Many analysts believe that Beam's decisions reveal a significant weakening of U. S. Influence in the Middle East. Perhaps to counteract this decline, Obama decided to bolster the American military presence in the Pacific by cultivating ties with countries afraid of China's rise and attaching 2,500 troops permanently in northern Australia beginning in November 2011.A second development?the European sovereign debt crisis?relentlessly gathered steam after 2010 in the face of a prolonged recession that made it hard for some countries to pay back huge loans to dome stic and foreign banks. European Union leaders had hoped to contain the debt problems in Greece and Ireland, but governments in Spain and Portugal also began to have trouble raising new money by issuing new government bonds. All four countries in 2012 had to get financial bailouts in exchange for adopting painful government spending cuts that contributed o high unemployment.Even with help from the European Central Bank, these countries have dire conditions that threaten the stability of the European financial system. Rupee's responses to its debt crisis have stimulated widespread social unrest. Severe austerity measures have spawned street protests throughout the continent and brought changes of government in Greece, Italy, and Spain. Some EX. leaders and analysts believe that the crisis will spur European countries to form closer ties, while others foresee the death of the Euro and the prospect of national bankruptcies as some countries refuse to pay back onerous loans.If problems worsen in France and Italy, the EX. could unravel economically, causing another deep global recession. The crisis is forcing Germany to decide if it is willing to share the costs of making the EX. stronger, or if it will pursue its purely national interests. The outcomes will likely cause changes in Rupee's traditionally generous social programs and in Rupee's influence in the world. A third development started as an anti-wall Street protest in New York City's Cutting Park on September 17, 2011. Two weeks later, the Occupy Wall Street movement had quickly spread to many major U. S. Ties, tit encampments and â€Å"general assemblies† in public spaces. Similar â€Å"occupations† occurred in Europe, Israel, Chile, and Australia. Although the majority of participants in the SOWS social movement have been students, union workers, progressive activists, and the unemployed, their ideas seemed to resonate with a significant number of the middle class. Calling themselves the â €Å"99%† (in contrast to the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans), SOWS protestors criticized financial institutions, condemned Wall Street greed, and called for a reduction of corporate control over the democratic process.Although SOWS encampments disappeared, the movement kook up new campaigns in 2012, including efforts to stop home foreclosures and reduce student debt. What do these three developments have in common? While each has its own causes, the protestors collectively represent a reaction to corrupt government and growing inequality. In three large regions?the Middle East, Europe, and North America?movements sought protection from financial and cultural globalization that left people feeling at the mercy of market forces.In many cases, protestors felt that they were unfairly forced to bail out the wealthy but denied a chance to snare many o governments 6 s to previous growth. Austerity policies that many had adopted since 2008?and even earlier in the Arab countries?cu t into a host of public social programs such as education and relief for the poor. Many disgruntled citizens disagreed with their leaders, who argued that such reductions were necessary to reduce the size of government, balance national budgets, and stimulate economic recovery.While Arabs claimed a political voice that had been squashed by decades of dictatorial rule, Americans and Europeans seemed to demand a new kind of politics freed from the grip of special interests and big money. In all three cases, elites who were supposed to be the experts on political and financial affairs suddenly were at a loss to explain why things had gotten so bad under their watch. With a loss of faith in Arab regimes, EX. leaders, and U. S. Bankers came a certain â€Å"denationalization† of ruling ideologies such as economic liberalism.A new emphasis was placed on democratic participation and economic fairness. Despite a new zeitgeist in the air in three continents, old political and economic institutions were still resilient. Many regimes held firm in the Middle East. American banks grew even egger after government bailouts, and more money than ever poured into the campaign war chests of Democratic and Republican political candidates. EX. political elites continued to make deals that seemed designed to save big investors and banks rather than ordinary citizens.The alternatives to the old did not always promise a better future, either. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, Psalmists like Egypt new president Mohamed Moors' made their own undemocratic power grabs, seeking to impose religiously conservative policies and weaken women's rights. Reactions against austerity in Europe strengthened extreme right-wing parties in Greece and France while fueling anti-E or secessionist sentiments in the United Kingdom and Catalonia.And by refusing to organize and engage in â€Å"normal† politics, the SOWS forces dissipated?leaving normal two-party gridlock in Washington after t he November 2012 elections. The Road Ahead By discussing above the three big developments, as well as the problems and promises in the global economy, we have hopefully given you a sense of some of the important phenomena we seek to understand in international political economy. Not unsurprisingly, there are fierce debates about the causes of current crises and the best solutions to them.One of the arguments we make in this text is that to adequately describe and explain the current global financial crisis?or any of the other issues covered in the different chapters?we must use an analytical approach that synthesizes methods and insights derived from economics, political science, and sociology as conditioned by an understanding to history and philosophy. As you delve deeper into the material, you will learn a variety of theories and analytical tools that help us interpret the interrelationships of the state, market, and society in different nations.The PIP method bridges different a cademic disciplines to better explain employ, real-world problems that span physical and intellectual boundaries. While this statement might sound a bit formal and confusing at this point, keep in mind that we do not think you need to be an economics major, a specialist in finance, The What, Why, and How of International Political Economy or a Middle East expert to understand the basic parameters of the global financial crisis or the Arab Spring.This book is written for students who have limited background in political science, economics, or sociology, as well as for those who want to review an assortment of topics in preparation for graduate school. In the next section, we look at how to study PIP?its three distinct analytical perspectives and a number of methodological issues with which PIP students should become acquainted. All the chapters in the book cover important theoretical and Policy issues that have connections to the three developments we have mentioned?and to many more. In this way, we hope students might better understand different dimensions of the problems and then make some reasoned Judgments about how to solve them. Later in this chapter, we discuss the popular phenomenon of globalization as a way o introduce students to many of the political-economic conditions that led up to the global financial crisis. Many PIP experts have asserted that the economic liberal ideas behind globalization may have contributed to the crisis. Opinions differ, however, on whether or not the crisis signals the end of laissez-fairer economic policies, or even the end of capitalism itself. He what, why, and how of International Political economy Our discussion of the financial crisis and its consequences makes clear that today's complex issues can no longer be easily analyzed and understood by using any single et of disciplinary methods and concepts. Those who study PIP are, in essence, breaking down the analytical and conceptual boundaries between politics, economic s, and sociology to produce a unique explanatory framework. Following are several examples of questions that traditional academic disciplines might ask as they seek to explain the global financial crisis.Each discipline focuses on different actors and interests: International Relations: How much has the financial crisis detracted from the ability of states to pay for military defense? How has the crisis affected the conditions of war or terrorism in poor states? As Europe, Japan, and the United States struggle, will emerging countries like China, India, and Brazil gain more political influence in international institutions? International Economics: How has the crisis impacted foreign investment, international trade, and the values of different currencies?Comparative Politics: What is the capability of political institutions within different nations to respond to the needs of the unemployed? What new political forces are emerging and with what effects on political coalitions? Sociolo gy: How has the crisis affected consumption trends for different groups such as the upper, middle, and rower classes? How do the effects of inequality vary on the basis of ethnicity and gender? Anthropology: How have different societies in history dealt with crises related to how they allocate scarce resources?And how have these crises impacted their cultures, values, and societal norms? 8 Focusing on a narrow range of methods and issues enhances intellectual specialization and analytical efficiency. But any single discipline offers an incomplete explanation of global events. Specialization promotes a sort of scholarly blindness or distorted view that comes from using only one set of analytical methods and incepts to explain what most decidedly is a complex problem that could benefit from a multidisciplinary perspective.When defining PIP, we make a distinction between the term â€Å"international political economy' and the acronym PIP. The former refers to what we study?commonly re ferred to as a subject area or field of inquiry that involves tensions among states, markets, and societal actors. In this text, we tend to focus on a variety of actors and issues that are either â€Å"international† (between nation-states) or â€Å"transnational† (across the national borders of two or more states).Increasingly today, any analysts use the term â€Å"global political economy' instead of â€Å"international political economy' to explain problems such as climate change, hunger, and illicit markets that have spread over the entire world, and not Just a few nations. In this book, we often use these two terms interchangeably. The acronym PIP also connotes a method of inquiry that is multidisciplinary. PIP fashions the tools of analysis of its antecedent disciplines so as to more accurately describe and explain the ever- changing relationships between governments, businesses, and social forces across history and in different geographical areas.What are some of the central elements of the antecedent melds to study that contribute to IP 7 First, PIP includes a political dimension that accounts for the use of power by a variety of actors, including individuals, domestic groups, states (acting as single units), international organizations, nongovernmental organizations (Nags), and transnational corporations (Tens). All these actors make decisions about the distribution of tangible things such as money and products or intangible things such as security and innovation.In almost all cases, politics involves the making of rules pertaining to owe states and societies achieve their goals. Another aspect of politics is the kind of public and private institutions that have the authority to pursue different goals. Second, PIP involves an economic dimension that deals with how scarce resources are distributed among individuals, groups, and nation-states. A variety of public and private institutions allocate resources on a day-to-day basis in local markets where we shop. Today, a market is not Just a place where people go to buy or exchange something face to face with the product's maker.The market can also be thought of as a driving force that shapes human behavior. When consumers buy things, when investors purchase stocks, and when banks lend money, their dependability transactions constitute a vast, sophisticated web of relationships that coordinate economic activities all over the world. Political scientist Charles Limbo makes an interesting case that the economy is actually nothing more than a system for coordinating social behavior! What people eat, their occupation, and even what they do when not working are all organized around different agricultural, labor, and relaxation markets.In effect, markets often perform a social function of â€Å"coordination without a coordinator. L Third, the works of such notables as Charles Limbo and economists Robert Hellbender and Lester Throw help us realize that PIP does not reflect enough the societal dimension of different international problems. 2 A growing number of PIP scholars argue that states and markets do not exist in a social vacuum. There are usually many different social groups within a state that share identities, norms, and associations based on tribal ties, ethnicity, religion, or gender.Likewise, a variety of transnational groups (referred to as global civil society) have interests that cut across national boundaries. A host of Nags have attempted to pressure national and international organizations on issues such as climate change, refugees, migrant workers, and gender-based exploitation. All of these groups are purveyors of ideas that potentially generate tensions between them and other groups but play a major role in shaping global behavior. How to Study PIP: Contrasting Perspectives and Methodologies The three dominant perspectives of PIP are economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism.Each focuses on the relationships between a va riety of actors and institutions. A strict extinction between these perspectives is quite arbitrary and has been imposed by disciplinary tradition, at times making it difficult to appreciate their connections to one another. Each perspective emphasizes different values, actors, and solutions to Policy problems but also overlooks some important elements highlighted by the other two perspectives. Economic liberalism (particularly unilateralism?see Chapter 2) is most closely associated with the study of markets.Later we will explain why there is an increasing gap between orthodox economic liberals (Eels), who champion free arrests and free trade, and heterodox interventionist liberals (Hills), who support more state regulation and trade protection to sustain markets. Increasingly, Hills have stressed that markets work best when they are embedded in (connected to) society and when the state intervenes to resolve problems that markets alone cannot handle. In fact, many Hills acknowledge that markets are the source of many of these problems.Many liberal values and ideas are the ideological foundation of the globalization campaign. They are derived from notable thinkers such as Adam Smith, David Richard, John Maynard Keynes, Frederica Hayes, and Milton Friedman. The laissez-fairer principle, that the state should leave the economy alone, is attributed to Adam Smith. 3 More recently, economic liberal ideas have been associated with former president Ronald Reagan and his acolytes, who contended that economic growth is best achieved when the government severely limits its involvement (interference) in the economy.Under pure market conditions (I. E. , the absence of state intervention or social influences), people are assumed to behave â€Å"rationally' (see Chapter 2). 10 That is, they will naturally seek to maximize their gains and limit their losses when reducing and selling things. They have strong desires to exchange and to generate wealth by competing with others for sales in local and international markets. According to Eels, people should strongly value economic efficiency? the ability to use and distribute resources effectively and with little waste.Why is efficiency so important? When an economy is inefficient, scarce resources go unused or could be used in other ways that would be more beneficial to society. This idea has been applied to the new global economy and is one of the basic principles behind globalization. Mercantilism (also called economic nationalism) is most closely associated with the political philosophy of realism, which focuses on state efforts to accumulate wealth and power to protect society from physical harm or the influence of other states (see Chapters 3 and 9).In theory, the state is a legal entity and an autonomous system of institutions that governs a specific geographic territory and a â€Å"nation. † Since the mid-seventeenth century, the state has been the dominant actor in the international community based on the principle that it has the authority to exercise sovereignty (final authority) over its own affairs. States use two types of power to protect themselves. Hard power refers to tangible military and economic assets employed to compel, coerce, intelligence, tend tot, or death enemies and competitors.Soft power comprises selective tools that reflect and project a country cultural values, beliefs, and ideals. Through the use of movies, cultural exports and exchanges, information, and diplomacy, a state can convince others that the ideas it sponsors are legitimate and should be adopted. Soft power can in many ways be more effective than hard power because it rests on persuasion and mutual exchange. For example, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Barack Obama partly regained some of the world's support for the United States through a discourse emphasizing multilateral cooperation.Structuralism is rooted in Marxist analysis but not limited to it (see Chapter 4). It looks at PIP issues mainly in terms of how different social classes are shaped by the dominant economic structure. It is most closely associated with the methods of analysis many sociologists employ. Structuralisms emphasize that markets have never existed in a social vacuum. Some combination of social, economic, and political forces establishes, regulates, and preserves them.As we will see in the case of the financial crisis, even the standards used to Judge the effectiveness of market systems reflect the dominant values and beliefs of those forces. The Benefits of PIP Each perspective in PIP sheds light on some aspects of a problem particularly well, but casts a shadow on other important aspects. By using a combination of the three dominant PIP methods and concepts (outlined in Table 1-1), we can move to the big picture?the most comprehensive and compelling explanation of global processes.Not surprisingly, mixing together the disciplines of economics, political science, and sociology gives rise to a n analytical problem: It is difficult to establish a single explanation to any PIP issue because each discipline has its own set of analytical concepts, core beliefs, and methodologies. Does this weaken the utility of PIP? Not at all. We must recognize that PIP is not a â€Å"hard science†; it may never table 1-1 Conflicting Political economic Perspectives about state-market relations in Capitalist societies Monetarism (Orthodox Economic Liberals) Main Ideas aboutCapitalism â€Å"Laissez-fairer†; minimal state intervention and regulation of the economy Keynesian (Heterodox Interventionist Economic Liberals) The state primes (injects money? liquidity) into the economy to restore confidence in it and to stabilize it Efficiency mixed with a variety of state political and social objectives Developmental State Model (Mercantilism) Socialism (Structuralism) Social Democracy (Structuralism) The state plays a proactive role in the economy to guide and protect its major industr ies The state controls the economy. Prices set by state officials. Emphasis on state

English Tort Law Essay

Answer: This question raises some issues from negligence. In order to answer this question it is necessary to know about negligence, duty of care, and breach of duty, causation and remoteness. But here the most important parts are employers’ liability, multiple liability or causation, and personal injury. Here the main findings will be Betty Bloke is an employee of these companies or not, she can sue for asbestos-related mesothelioma as a third person. Here the facts are Harry Bloke worked as a carpenter for thirty-five years, being employed by Right Ltd for ten years, then by Ruff Ltd for a further ten years and then by Shoddy plc for fifteen years. Right Ltd were shop fitters, Ruff Ltd produced asbestos prefabricated garages and Shoddy plc produced insulating panels for the building industry. In all of these jobs he was required to work with asbestos sheeting, which he usually had to cut to size either with hand saws or powered saws. Betty Bloke, Harry’s wife, always washed his work overalls every Saturday. She would shake them outside the back door to remove the dust before she put them in the washing machine. Betty has now been diagnosed with asbestos-related mesothelioma and is very ill. All three companies deny liability for her illness. Before attempt to discuss the potential liability of all three companies to Betty in negligence it is necessary to find the relationship between Betty and all three companies. Here it is not clear that Betty was an employee of these companies or not, though every Saturday remove the dust. In 1934 Lord Wright said in Lochgelly Iron and Coal Co v McMullan [1934], ‘In strict legal analysis, negligence means more than heedless or careless conduct, whether in omission or commission: it properly connotes the complex concept of duty, breach and damage thereby suffered by the person to whom the duty was owing.’ In Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1990], the House of Lords held that the council was not liable on the basis that the council could not owe a greater duty of care to the claimant than the builder. In doing so the court also overruled Anns and the two-part test, preferring instead a new three-part test suggested by Lords Keith, Oliver and Bridge in Caparo v Dickman [1990]. In order to impose liability on the employers, Betty has to established foresight, proximity and fairness and it is the current test. In Caparo industries v Dickman [1990], the shareholders in a company bought more shares and then made a successful takeover bid for the company after studying the audited accounts prepared by the defendants. They later regretted the move and sued the auditors claiming that they had relied on accounts, which had shown a sizeable surplus rather than the deficit that was in fact the case. The House of Lords held that the auditors owed no duty of care since company accounts are not prepared for the purposes of people taking over a company and cannot then be relied on by them for such purposes. Harry was an employee but the asbestos did not affect him. His wife suffered mesothelioma, so the current test has to show three things if there is to be a duty of care: 1) It was reasonably foreseeable that a person in the claimant’s position would be injured. Here for Betty Bloke, the risk was reasonably foreseeable as an employee but as a third party it is difficult to show. 2) There was sufficient proximity between the parties. Employers owed some duties to employees. 3) It is fair, just and reasonable to impose liability. After the Caparo test Betty may be satisfy three criteria. Then it will be a vital question that Employers breach any duty or not. The second problem is who has right to sue. Harry was an employee but he is not suffered any disease though it was obvious. If Harry sues on behalf of Betty then it will justify imposing liability to the employers. Here it will be discussed considering the relevant case laws. Bolton v. Stone test may be applicable to prove breach of duty. According to this test employers are not liable. As a general rule English law does not impose a duty, reasoning that the fault of X and not that of D. But exceptionally a duty may arise. Employers are vicariously liable for the negligent acts or omissions. Employers are also liable under the common law principle represented in the Latin phrase, â€Å"qui facit per alium facit per se†. So according to Home Office v Dorset Yacht [1970], and Lewis case it will be consider here. In Hotson v East Berkshire AHA [1987], a young boy suffered a fractured hip when he fell out of a tree. The hospital negligently failed to make a correct early diagnosis so that he later developed avuncular necrosis, a deformity of the even without the failure to diagnosis promptly. On this basis the trial judge, and later the Court of Appeal, awarded him 25 per cent of the damages they would consider appropriate for the loss of a chance of recovery. The trial judge commented that the hospital had translated the probability of the disability developing into a certainty by negligence in their failure to diagnosis. However, the House of Lords allowed the Health Authority’s appeal and would not consider the slim chance of recovery an issue of causation. In Blythe v Birmingham Waterworks [1856], the basic Rule is that the defendant must conform to the standard of care expected of a reasonable person. ‘Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man guided upon those considerations which ordinary regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a reasonable and prudent man would not do. Betty could get compensation by applying McGhee. In McGhee v National Coal Board [1973], here the claimant worked in a brick kiln where he was exposed to brick dust, a possible cause of the dermatitis that he in fact contracted. The Board was not liable for exposure during working hours. They were held liable for materially increasing the risk of the claimant contracting the disease because of their failure to provide washing facilities, even though it could not be shown that he could have avoided the disease if there had been facilities the reasoning of the court was that, since the employer was clearly negligent in failing to provide basic health and safety the burden should shift on to them to disproved the causal link. This type of test is clearly more advantageous to a claimant than the basic ‘but for’ test applied so rigidly in Hotson v East Berkshire AHA [1987]. To identify the employer’s liability suffered mesothelioma after exposure to asbestos dust of Betty Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd and others is the most significant test. In the case of Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd and others [2001], the claimants suffered mesothelioma after exposure to asbestos dust over many years working for a number of different employees. The medical evidence identified hat the inhaling of asbestos fibres was the cause of the disease. Nevertheless, it was impossible to identify in which particular employment the disease was actually contracted. The Court of Appeal accepted that medical evidence could not identify a single cause of the disease, which might be caused by contact with even single asbestos fibre, or may involve cumulative exposure to fibres. The Court of Appeal in fact rejected the claims. The HLs, accepted the expert evidence that it is scientifically uncertain whether inhaling a single fibre or inhalation of many fibres causes the disease. However, the HLs held that, because it is evident that the greater the exposure has a duty to take reasonable care to prevent employees from inhaling the dust. Besides this the House felt that any other cause of developing the diseases could be ignored in the case. On the basis that the claimants suffered the very injuries that the defendants supposed to guard against, the HLs were prepare to impose liability on all employers. The House chose to apply the ‘material risk’ test from McGhee. In doing so the house held that because all of the defendants had contributed to a risk of mesothelioma, then no distinction should be drown between the makings of a material risk of causing the disease and course of action that would materially increase the risk of the diseases. Because the Employers should only be liable for proportion of the damages then each employer should be liable to compensate its employee un full, even though the employee may have inhaled more asbestos fibres while working for another employee. As a result the Court held that the precise employer responsible could not be identified and so the claim should be rejected. It is impossible to say with certainty how the disease begins, but it is possible to identify that prolonged exposure worsens the risk. It seems then that The Court of Appeal applied Wilsher v Essex AHA [1986] inappropriately where McGhee v National Coal Board might have been more fairly applied in the circumstance. The House of Lords has in any case subsequently reversed The Court of Appeal decision. In Holtby v Brigham & Cowan (Hull) Ltd [2003], here the claimant had been exposed to asbestos dust for more then 40 years while working for different employers. When he contracted asbestosis he sued the defendants, for whom he had only worked for half of that time. The trial judge reduced damages by 25 per cent. The claimant appealed and tried to argue for application of the principle in McGhee, that once having established a material contribution by the defendants he was entitled to full damages. The Court of Appeal rejected his argument and upheld the trial judge’s award, even though 50 per cent deduction would have seemed more accurate. McGhee was distinguished. A majority of the House of Lords in Gregg v Scott [2005], reaffirmed the general approaches in Hotson’s case should be followed and declined to depart radically from its principles. In Wilsher v Essex AHA [1986] the House of Lords identified that the excess oxygen was just one of six possible causes of the condition and therefore it could not be said to fall squarely within the risk created by the defendants. The court would not impose liability on the defendant in this circumstance although this seems very unfair. The main purpose of the rules of causation is to exclude those thinks that are not the cause of the damage. If the same damage would have been suffered even if the there had been no breach of duty of care, then he claimant loses. The breach of duty of duty may initiate a whole chain of further events-but some of these will be treated as to ‘remote’ from the original negligence for it to be appropriate to hold the defendant answerable for those distant outcomes. The test of remoteness of damage in the tort of negligence was said to be whether the damage the direct consequence of the breach of duty. The defendant was not liable, if it was merely indirect, which ‘broke the chain of causation’. This test was particularly associated with the decision of the Court of Appeal in Re Polemis [1921]. In The Wagon Mound [1961], The Privy Council held that defendant would be liable only if it was the foreseeable consequence. From the above discussion, a number of points can be made, which will be consider that Betty get compensation or not. †¢ The judges in the House of Lords in Fairchild accepted that the sufferers of mesothelioma, while inevitably deserving of compensation, are unable to satisfy the normal tests for causation because they will invariably be unable to point to a single party who is responsible. †¢ The Court was prepared to accept the possibility of a claim for three connected reasons: Claimants in such actions were unable to satisfy for causation only because of the current state of medical knowledge on the disease, although there could be no doubt that exposure to the asbestos fibres in whatever volume was at the root of the disease. Defendant has to prove that their negligence could not be the actual cause rather then the claimants prove the precise cause. The employer’s duty of care would be meaningless, as they could almost never be made liable. †¢ The majority of the judges were therefore prepared to accept an exceptional principle of McGhee. †¢ The Court was not prepared to extend principle of McGhee to factual circumstance such as those in Wilsher. †¢ The House of Lords appear to have engaged in a policy decision in order to ensure that there is compensation for asbestos related diseases contracted in the course of employment. So there is a limited chance to get compensation according to applying Fairchild and McGhee. Then three employers will be liable and bear compensation fully. But if Court apply Hotson v East Berkshire AHA Betty or Harry does not get compensation. Bibliography: 1) Markesinis and Deakin, Tort Law, 5th Edition (2003), Clarendon Press-Oxford 2) John Murphy, Street on Torts, 11th Edition (2003), LexisNexistm UK, 3) Chris Turner Unlocking Torts, 1st Edition (2004), Hodder & Stoughton 4) I. M Yeats & P. Giliker, Law of Tort, (2006), University of London

5 Tips About Freelance Work

5 Tips About Freelance Work 5 Tips About Freelance Work 5 Tips About Freelance Work By Mark Nichol Self-employment is not for everyone, but many publishing professionals thrive, or at least survive, in a freelance capacity. Before you decide whether to join them, however, keep these factors in mind: You probably won’t get rich from freelance writing or editing, but the qualitative rewards are manifest. Self-employed editorial professionals are hereby excused from useless, time-wasting, poorly run meetings. (Freelancers sometimes need to attend in-person or online meetings as part of a project they’ve been hired for, but such gatherings tend to be more efficient than the average company or department to-do.) Freelancers also are fortunate enough to be able to avoid demoralizing company policies, depressing workplace ambience, petty office politics, inept managers, and annoying colleagues. Then there’s that whole commuting thing and no traffic reports (unless you want to tune in just for the sake of nostalgia). When you work at home, you also get to choose what kind of clothes you wear or whether you wear anything at all. But self-employment is a challenge, especially for those who do not have a strong aptitude for business management after all, you, as a freelancer, are running a business. Therefore, you have no one but yourself (unless you hire someone) to manage your finances or your marketing. Each year, if you’re a US citizen, you must submit a profit-or-loss statement and figure (and pay) a self-employment tax, and you should always be working on getting your next project while you’re completing your current one. Furthermore, your income will be variable. And if you’re paid a flat fee, false starts and dead-end ideas don’t earn you any money. Fiction writers, especially, have to put in seemingly endless hours in a gamble to earn a decent living in royalties and you’re nowhere near done even when the not-so-final draft of your manuscript is accepted. Still determined to go independent? Then follow my advice: 1. Find an anchor client. Your first priority is to enter into a relationship with a company that provides you with a steady source of work that provides you with enough income to get by. Everything else is just frosting on the cake, but bake the cake first. 2. Don’t be particular at first. Certainly, you should search your soul for what kind of content you’d like to work on. But when you’re starting out, accept any assignment that involves writing or editing words and, even though you should have a pay range in mind, be prepared to accept less compensation than is ideal. You can always ask for a â€Å"raise† later, and you can always increase your rate when you are engaged by new clients. 3. Be flexible about your rates. I’ve varied my hourly editing rate by up to $50, depending on the client. Online research will yield extensive information about the market rate for writing and editing in various media, in different industries, and so on. You may very well end up straddling two or more markets, and your pay rate may vary substantially. (Also, if you’re asked what rate you’ll accept, rather than offered one, propose a range with a $5-$10 differential starting at your minimum.) 4. Don’t give up your day job. Not right away, at any rate. Nights, weekends, summer vacations for educators these are the opportunities to wade into the freelance pool. Even if your steady job is making you mentally unsteady, stick it out until you have an anchor client. The transition period may exhaust you as you try to juggle full-time work, your personal life, and your efforts to start your own business, but you may be able to jettison your job sooner than you think. (Or you can work for a part-time salary and be self-employed, too.) 5. Keep it simple. You don’t need much in the way of infrastructure. You can probably get away without business cards. You don’t need a fancy-looking invoice template. Some self-employed people rent a small office or use an outbuilding as a way of separating their professional life from their personal one, but few of us can afford that luxury. Turning a spare room into an office, or using an existing study, or even setting aside part of a bedroom or a family room, is sufficient for most people. (But make sure others in your household know that when you’re on the clock, you’re off limits.) Remember, too, that self-employment will always be hard work but virtually any employment is a hard work, and being your own boss is its own reward. Note: The DWT Freelance Writing Course will re-open September, so stay tuned. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsOne Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Passed vs Past

Armellini Italian Ice Cream and Coffee Chain Business Issues Essay - 9

Armellini Italian Ice Cream and Coffee Chain Business Issues - Essay Example There are several important strategic tools such as Porter’s five forces model, SWOT analysis etc. that are heavily used in the industry. Furthermore, there are various ways, developed in the past few decades, which could be used in developing business. Franchise rout of growing business is one the most widely used method of developing business. This paper is all about an ice cream and coffee chain company named Armellini Ice Cream and Coffee Chain and its strategic decision. The paper includes an in-depth analysis of the competitive forces that would have a significant influence on the process of strategic decision making. The paper also includes the implications for the management of quality for the company in adopting the franchise route of growth. Armellini Ice Cream and Coffee Chain was founded by an Italian lady named Maria Armellini during the period when the Second World War just ended. Initially, it was located in a coastal town that was near to Venice in Italy. In the first cafà © products like traditional Italian ice cream as well as espresso coffee along with cooked pies, light snacks, sandwiches, and beverages were sold. After the death of Maria, the company was taken over by Alessio, Maria’s eldest son. Under his leadership, the business grew as the chain of restaurant and cafà © outlets in all over Western Europe. In the entire process, Alessio was assisted by his siblings. Alessio used to give significant importance to various things like maintenance of the quality and cleanliness and proper record keeping. Alessio or any of the family members used to visit each of the cafà ©s at least once a month in order to see how things were going on. It was a business audit most of the time which was carried by Ales sio himself. He used to visit the outlets without any prior notice with the objective of seeing the real picture of the outlets. Furthermore, there was a monthly financial report regarding used food items, wages, labor hours etc.   

The earth did not devour him by tomas rivera Essay

The earth did not devour him by tomas rivera - Essay Example The first and last stories construct the book as specifically starting and conclusively narration. . It depicts the migrant Chicano workers who are in no better condition than slaves; in fact they are probably worse off. Slaves were the property of owners who regarded upon whom they had invested money and accordingly were taken care of as â€Å"valued financial investments.† The migrant workers were not considered investments, and were living and working in conditions of slavery without even the basic reimbursement. (Tomas Rivera, â€Å"Remembering, Discovery and Volition in the Literary Imaginative Process,† in Tomas Rivera: The Complete Works (1975). The narration of Tomas Rivera’s books ‘the earth did not devour him† is about the predicament and patient survival of Mexican American farm workers, which has made prominent and strengthened the Chicano national perception. The narration is part of the author’s personal experience while working o n a farm during his youth, because his parents were migrant workers. The quality of the book is the way that the subject matter poses a challenge to readers and critics alike. The narration begins with the story â€Å"The Lost Year† and continues with thirteen short unnamed essays and twelve essays that are named and end with the story â€Å"Under the House†. ... .  Ã‚   With the expansion of American modernizing influences, the pressure on the migrant workers increased to become a part of American culture, which further exacerbated and makes worse the plight of the migrant’s already dismal state of affairs. This disorderly and turbulent state of affairs is accessed through the mind of a Mexican American boy, who evaluates his feelings of ethnic indecision by questioning his community’s customary way of life. Some of the short essays depict irregular attempts by the boy to congregate his thoughts and feelings towards successive development for rational intelligibility. In the course of his steady allusion to darkness, night, or sleep in all the essays, Rivera strengthens the boy’s succession from mental vagueness about his community’s knowledge to academic clarification regarding the community’s circumstances and the way of life. Although not linked to any particular change towards explanation, there are s everal referrals to darkness, night and sleep which intensify the book’s complete fascination with night and the darkness. The events in the narration consists of several essays of events that occur at night, such â€Å"what his mother never knew† as the water that his mother placed under his bed for the spirits and which he drank every night, or in the essay â€Å"She had fallen asleep† which tells about a fortune teller meeting with a family, or â€Å"Hands in His Pocket† a boy cannot sleep his first night in a bizarre, disconcerting room. This short essay again refers to the night when the same boy who cannot sleep in a strange room, has to drag a dead man to his grave when it gets very dark. Other essay such as the â€Å"The Night the Lights Went out† and â€Å"First Communion â€Å" also refers to night and sleep, when